Surgical retractor

ABSTRACT

A surgical retractor immobilizes tissue at a surgical site. A preferred embodiment of the retractor is used during minimally invasive direct coronary bypass procedures to arrest movement of the grafting site while the heart continues pumping. Tape or thread can be used to connect the artery to the retractor with a holder.

CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 09/410,982, filed Oct. 1, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,458,079, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 09/307,195, filed on May 7, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,235,049, which is a continuation application of International Application No. PCT/US98/08348, filed on Apr. 24, 1998 and designating the United States which is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. Ser. No. 08/845,333 filed on Apr. 25, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,033,362 the entire teachings of the above applications being incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Numerous devices have been used to position tissue at a surgical site to aid in the performing of surgical procedures. Retractors, for example, have been used to hold an artery in position during operations adjacent to the heart to prevent movement of the artery. This serves to minimize the risk of injury to the artery and adjacent tissue and can facilitate the desired anastomosis.

A recently developed procedure, referred to as the minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass procedure, has been used to graft onto a coronary artery without cardiopulmonary bypass. This procedure involves the grafting of the left internal mammary artery (LIMA) onto the left anterior descending (LAD) or other artery. As this procedure does not require the use of a heart lung machine to oxygenate and pump blood, the morbidity and mortality associated with this procedure is substantially lower than previous bypass techniques. A problem associated with the minimally invasive procedure, however, is that while the heart continues to pump during the procedure, the motion of the heart can interfere with the surgeon's task of attaching the LIMA to the LAD. There is also a need to stop blood flow in the area of the graft to maintain a clear field of view and provide precise suture placement.

Two basic strategies have been employed to address the problem of operating on a moving site, one being the use of pharmacological agents to limit heart motion, and the other being mechanical, such as a two prong retractor that is pushed down against the heart on both sides of the artery, or alternatively, upward traction away from the moving heart by traction tape or suture thread. Both of these options, however, have problems associated with them. Both options are susceptible to some movement of the vessel grafting site. The use of pharmacological agents is undesirable and impairs circulatory function. Traction by compression of the heart against the spine does serve to immobilize the site but can compromise the ability of the heart to maintain circulation and result in hypotension. Upward traction can involve circumferential compression of the artery to occlude the artery and prevent blood flow, however upward traction that is sufficient to immobilize the site can cause injury, stenosis or occlusion of the vessel.

There is a continuing need however for improvement in devices and methods for retaining tissue at surgical sites to further reduce the risks associated with surgical procedures where the devices and methods are inexpensive; safe and reliable.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a surgical retractor for immobilizing tissue at a surgical site and to a method of using the retractor during a surgical procedure. A preferred embodiment of the retractor includes a retaining element having an aperture that exposes the surgical site and a holder that is used to position tissue at the surgical site relative to the retaining element. A handle can be attached to or fabricated with the retaining element or platform so that the user can manipulate the position of the retractor as needed.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention a connector such as elastic tape or thread is used to position tissue at the surgical site within the retractor aperture and to prevent movement of the tissue during the procedure. The connecting cord, thread or tape also aids in the compression of the artery in a grafting procedure to occlude flow on one or both sides of the surgical site. The cord is attached to the holder on the retaining element. A preferred embodiment of the holder can be a plurality of slits or openings positioned on both sides of the retractor that receive and frictionally secure the cord on both sides of the aperture. In another preferred embodiment a mechanical fastener is used to grip both sides of the cord. The fastener can be a spring mounted valve, for example, that allows the user to adjust the tension in the cord.

A preferred embodiment of the invention comprises a retaining element or base having two sections that can be separated after the procedure is complete to permit removal of the retractor from under the grafted artery. Another preferred embodiment uses a side opening in the platform of the retractor that extends to the aperture so that the grafted artery slips through the side opening during removal. During minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass operations, one or more surface sections of the retractor platform can be positioned against the inner surface or posterior aspect of one or both ribs adjacent to the surgical site. Thus, the size and geometry of the platform are selected to utilize the adjoining ribs where the upper surface of the platform frictionally engages the inner surface of one or more ribs to hold the retractor in a fixed position. The retractor can be beneficial in any procedure where it is necessary to stabilize a surgical site. For example, the retractor can also be used for grafting onto the diagonal, right or other coronary arteries without altering the heart's pumping function.

The coronary arteries are about 1-2 mm in diameter, and the pumping heart can move these arteries over distances of several millimeters during each heartbeat. As the movement of even 1 or 2 millimeters can result in a displacement of the grafting site that can substantially interfere with effective anastomosis, it is desirable to restrain movement of the artery at the surgical site in any direction to less than 1 mm. The retractor of the present invention restrains movement in the plane of the base to less than 0.5 mm, and preferably less than 0.2 mm.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the handle or articulating arm that is secured to the platform can be held in position by the user, attached to a frame that is fixed around the operative site or simply clipped to a drape around the site.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the surgical retractor can be optically transmissive or transparent to allow enhanced visibility of the underlying adjacent tissue at the desired surgical site. The aperture of the retractor in accordance with the present invention, varies in size and can range from 1-3 cm in length and 5-15 mm in width.

In a preferred embodiment, the surgical retractor has raised holder elements disposed in the longitudinal dimension of the retractor, each holder element having a pair of slots that frictionally grip an end of a connector such as an elastic tape or thread which extends through the aperture to attach tissue to the retractor. The surgical retractor further has run off areas on the four corners of the retractor that have a downward slope. These run off areas allow for fluid drainage during the surgical procedure to assist in maintaining the surgical field adjacent to the aperture clear of blood during the anastomosis. The four corners of the base have a gradually thinner cross-section to provide the downward slope.

In a preferred embodiment, the surgical retractor includes a two-component configuration to allow the retractor to be separated after the surgical procedure is completed to permit removal of the retractor from under the grafted artery. A pair of plastic tabs extend between the two components to securely retain the components together during the procedure and to allow the surgeon to release the components following the procedure by cutting the tabs with a knife.

In another preferred embodiment, the surgical retractor has slots or grooves on the bottom surface of the retractor to allow the user to place the connector such as elastic tape or thread, either under or over the retractor to position tissue at the surgical site within the retractor aperture and to prevent movement of the tissue during the procedure. When these slots are used the tapes are threaded through the tissue of the heart-wall of the patient and then aligned to be positioned in the desired underlying slots. The surgeon can include additional tissue around the blood vessel as the tapes are tightened so that the blood vessel is compressed by the adjacent tissue rather than being constricted by the tapes. Additionally, the surgeon can position the tapes at a relatively sharp angle of approach. Alternately, a wider angle of approach may be used wherein the tapes are threaded around the outer surface of the retractor so that more tissue is positioned between the tapes and the blood vessel. The route used by the surgeon varies depending on the depth of the desired blood vessel and the surgeon's preferred approach to performing the anastomosis.

In a preferred embodiment, portions of the bottom surface form a slightly curved surface which extends a slight distance downwardly parallel to the lengthwise dimension of the aperture which assists in retaining the retractor in the desired position on the heart wall of the patient as it continues beating. The bottom surface that surrounds the artery and is in contact with the pericardium can be roughened or abraded to frictionally engage the pericardium around the artery and thereby locally restrict heart motion around the surgical site. There are elevated regions or protrusions such as ridges or nubs, for example, disposed on the bottom surface of the retractor to frictionally engage the pericardium wall around the surgical site.

When used in a minimally invasive coronary bypass procedure, the retractor is positioned to expose the left anterior descending (LAD) artery grafting site after incision, removal of the rib section and dissection of the left internal mammary artery (LIMA) from the chest wall. A pair of cords, for example, silastic tape (i.e. a silicon elastomer) or suture thread, are passed through the myocardium at two locations flanking the artery grafting site with blunt needles. The four ends of the two cords are connected to the platform holder with sufficient tension to occlude blood flow on both sides of the operative site. The tapes compress the artery against the bottom surface of the platform while they hold the artery grafting site in a fixed position relative to the aperture. The coronary artery is opened longitudinally and the end of the mammary artery is sewn to the graft opening with multiple fine sutures. The cords are released, blood flow is restored and the anastomosis is inspected for hemostatis and other defects and the wound is closed.

The platform can include tabs or cord retainers that extend into the aperture to provide a surface against which the arteries can be compressed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a surgical retractor in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a surgical site illustrating a surgical procedure.

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a surgical retractor for a grafting procedure in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 4 is a bottom perspective view of a surgical retractor in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a surgical retractor during a surgical procedure.

FIGS. 6A and 6B are partial cross-sectional views of a holder in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 7 is a top view of a two piece retainer in accordance with the invention.,

FIG. 8 is a top perspective view of another preferred embodiment of a surgical retractor in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 9 is a top perspective view of another preferred embodiment of a surgical retractor in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram illustrating a surgical procedure in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a frame supporting a retractor in accordance with the invention.

FIGS. 12A and 12B are enlarged detailed views of a surgical retractor in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 13 is an enlarged detailed top view of the preferred embodiment of a surgical retractor illustrating a separated two-section configuration of the retractor.

FIG. 14 is an enlarged detailed top view of the preferred embodiment of the surgical retractor shown in FIG. 13.

FIG. 15 is an enlarged detailed bottom view of the preferred embodiment of the surgical retractor shown in FIG. 13.

FIG. 16 is a perspective view of a preferred embodiment of a surgical retractor in a surgical site illustrating a surgical procedure in accordance with the present invention.

The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of preferred embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A preferred embodiment of the invention is illustrated in connection with FIG. 1. A retractor 10 includes a retaining element or base 12 having an aperture 16 that is positioned to expose tissue at a surgical site. The base 12 can be made with a metal or a molded plastic material. The retractor 10 can be sterilized after each use, or alternatively, can be disposable after one procedure. A handle 30 or articulating arm can be permanently attached to the base 12, or as described below in connection with other preferred embodiments, can be detachable.

A suction tube 32 can be attached to the handle 30 or integrated therein and is used to remove material such as blood from the operative site. In this particular embodiment the tube 32 is connected at one end to a tube 34 from a suction pump and connected at a second end to a port 36 in fluid communication with a channel within tube 28 that extends around the periphery of base 12. The peripheral tube can have small openings 38 positioned on the sides or top thereof through which fluid such as blood or other debris can be suctioned from the surgical site to maintain a clear field.

A preferred embodiment of the invention can be used at a surgical site 50 such as the example illustrated in FIG. 2. In this particular procedure for a coronary graft without cardiopulmonary bypass, a section of the 4th costal cartilage or rib 56 is removed to expose a section of the LAD artery 61.

A proximal portion of the LIMA 62 is dissected from the chest wall to expose an end 65 to be grafted onto a grafting site 66 on artery 61. Blood flow in vessel 62 can be occluded with a clamp 64.

In this example, a connector such as a pair of cords or silastic tapes 70, 72 are threaded through myocardium surface 78 under the artery 61 at two locations 74, 76 on opposite sides of the grafting site 60. Note that the exposed surface 78 of heart 52 is undergoing substantial movement during the procedure.

As seen in the reverse perspective view of FIG. 3 in which the retractor 10 has been inserted and positioned during the procedure, the retractor 10 serves to immobilize the grafting site 60 using connecting tapes 70, 72 which are stretched and attached to a holder mechanism including slots 20 a-20 d in the peripheral edge of base 12. As described in greater detail below, the slots 20A-20 d can be manually opened or closed using actuators 22 a-22 d, respectively, to allow the user to adjust the tension in the tapes or threads.

The aperture 16 extends longitudinally along the axis of artery 61. The site 60 is preferably located in the plane of the upper surface of base 12. The tapes 70, 72 exert a compressive force on the artery 61 which is pressed against a bottom surface 40 as seen in FIG. 4. More particularly, the tapes 70, 72 extend in a direction that is substantially perpendicular to the artery 61 axis exposed in the aperture 16. The aperture can have a first pair of lateral sections 18 a and 18 b which are aligned to accommodate the positioning of tape 70 and the aperture can also have a second pair of lateral sections 18 c and 18 d to accommodate the positioning of tape 72. Alternatively, holes extending through the base 12 that are separated from the aperture can be used. The holes are large enough to provide easy feed through and can be angled towards the bottom center to provide compression of the artery at lower tension of the cord.

The size of the aperture can be in the range of 1-3 cm in length and 5-15 mm in width. The aperture can be narrower in the center and wider at the opposite ends to accommodate the openings or sections 18 a-18 d.

Between each pair of sections 18 a-18 b and 18 c-18 d, a sidewall section of the aperture, namely tabs 24, 26 extend on opposite ends of aperture 16. The tapes 70, 72 compress respective portions of artery 61 on opposite sides of site 60 against tabs 26, 24. As seen in FIG. 4, those portions 42, 44 of the bottom surface 40 are in contact with artery 61 and compress it. The bottom surface that surrounds the artery and is in contact with the heart wall can be roughened or abraded to frictionally engage the heart wall around the artery and thereby locally restrict heart motion around the surgical site.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention opposite ends 82 and 84 can be positioned under adjacent ribs 54 and 58, respectively. This eliminates any substantial movement of the base 12 while the heart is pumping so that anastomosis 80 of the end 65 onto site 60 can be quickly completed. The opposite ends 82, 84 can be slightly raised relative to the plane of the remainder of the base 12 to provide a concave structure to enhance the frictional engagement of sections 82, 84 to ribs 54, 58, respectively. The platform has a substantially rectangular shape with each side having a length in the range between 3.5 cm and 6 cm. Thus the surface area of the platform is between 12 cm² and 25 cm², preferably between 14 cm² and 20 cm². This size fits readily in the incision between the ribs and can be positioned with both ends extending under the 3rd and 5th ribs. This structure exerts little downward force on the heart or upward force on the artery while immobilizing the artery at the surgical site. Also the anterior-posterior compression of the artery avoids trauma to the artery due to circumferential compression. By engaging the ribs, the retractor is self retaining providing for easier use and manipulation.

As seen in FIG. 5, the tape 76 under the bottom surface 94 of the tab 24 lifts the artery 60 to form an occlusion 86. This view also shows the optional channel 92 extending around the periphery of base 12 that is used to irrigate or suction around the site.

The fastening mechanism is illustrated in the partial cross-sectional views of FIGS. 6A and 6B. The closed position 110 is illustrated in FIG. 6A where spring 112 has expanded to move slot 116 in element 115 out of alignment with slot 114 in the outer tube. The cord 72 is displaced and frictionally grasped by the sliding movement of element 115. The user can manually displace 118 to align slot 114 with slot 116 while compressing spring 112. In the “open” position 120, the cord 72 can be easily removed or pulled through to increase tension.

After the procedure is complete the retractor 10 needs to be removed from the site. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, the base 12 can be formed with two sections or plates 14 a, 14 b. As seen in FIG. 7, these components can be separated at joint 25 to allow removal of the retractor 10. The two halves 14 a, 14 b can be connected with a frictional tube section 96.

In the preferred embodiment illustrated in FIG. 8, the retractor 100 can have a plurality of handle attachment sites 102, 104, 106, 108 so that the user can attach the handle 105 at any site to provide the most convenient access to the aperture and facilitate immobilization of other arteries. The handle can alternatively be positioned between the two cords at an orthogonal angle relative to the aperture axis and extending above the top surface of the base.

In another preferred embodiment of the invention illustrated in the perspective view of FIG. 9, a retractor 140 has a handle 142, slots 144 located in the plane of the aperture 160 to secure the cords, end sections 162, 164 that engage the ribs 54, 58, tabs 148, 150 for compression of both sides of the artery at the site 60 and a side opening 146 so that the retractor can be removed.

In this embodiment, the LIMA slides out through opening 146 during removal of the retractor after completion of the procedure. This unitary retractor structure 140 can also include various features described previously in connection with the embodiment of FIG. 1 including the attached or integrated suction tube, the detachable handle, the irrigation or suction channel with ports or the mechanically actuated fasteners.

A preferred method of stabilizing tissue during a coronary bypass procedure 200 is illustrated in the process flow sequence of FIG. 10. A 5-8 cm sized incision is made over the 4th rib and a section of the 4th costal cartilage is removed 202. The LIMA is dissected from the chest wall 204 and divided distally. After blood flow assessment the LIMA can be temporarily closed with a spring loaded clip.

A self-retaining wound retractor is used to distract the edges of the incision and a “trap door” incision is made in the pericardium and the cut edge sewn to the skin to pull the pericardial sack and heart anteriorly. The LAD is exposed and a site suitable for anastomosis is selected for grafting 206. Tapes are inserted in the myocardium with blunt needles approximately 1-2 cm apart 208 and the retractor is inserted 210 with the tapes being pulled through the aperture and positioned in the lateral sections thereof. The tapes are connected to the holder 212 to compress the artery 214 and occlude blood flow on both sides of the grafting site. The tension in the tapes can optionally be adjusted during the procedure to minimize blood loss at the site.

The retractor is secured 216 at the site by positioning one or both ends under adjoining ribs, or alternatively, attaching the handle or arm to the wound retractor or other implement. The grafting site undergoes less than 0.1 mm of movement in any direction during this example procedure.

The site is suctioned or irrigated 218 during anastomosis, the grafting site is inspected, the tapes are released from the holders, and the retractor is removed either by sliding the LIMA through a side opening in the retractor or detaching a section of the retractor to accommodate removal of the LIMA from the aperture. After blood flow is restored, the site is inspected and closed 220.

Although the use of the retractor has been described in connection with a particular bypass procedure, it can also be used in other procedures such as bypass operations involving the diagonal, right or other coronary artery where movement at the site can interfere with the procedure.

Alternative embodiments involve opening of the chest and positioning the retractor at any exposed site on the heart wall or surrounding areas to immobilize the operative site. The retractor serves to isolate the site and limits or stops motion at the site due to respiratory movement of the lungs or the pumping motion of the heart.

In another preferred embodiment, a stabilizer system or frame 240 manufactured by Genzyme Surgical Products is illustrated in FIG. 11 to support a surgical retractor 260 in accordance with the invention.

The frame 240 used with the invention includes a bar 242 having an arm 244 extending orthogonally from a first end and attached to a second arm 246 with a thumb screw at a second end. Each arm 244, 246 has a pair of mounting elements 252, 255 on which a pivot rod 256 can be mounted. This rod 256 can be rotated 360 degrees to any desired position such that mounting arm 245 can oriented relative to the surgical site as needed to position the retractor 260. Each arm 244, 246 has a pair of grippers 248, 250 that engage anatomical features such as neighboring ribs at the site to stabilize the frame 240.

The mounting arm 245 supports the handle or support arm 262 with a friction fitting 258 which the user tightens with knob 268 to grip arm 262 at region 266. The support arm 262 has a knob 264 at one end that can be turned by the user to engage a post 276 shown in FIG. 12A. A ball on the post 276 can be slipped through an opening 265 in the second end of arm 262 and locked into position using knob 264.

The post 276 can be pivoted relative to arm 262 by loosening the knob 264, thus allowing the user to orient the retractor 260 at the site for fine positioning. The post 276 is mounted on a plastic retaining element 270 in this embodiment. The element 270 can be a transparent or opaque molded device that can be separated into two components 272, 274 as described previously. The two components can be attached by friction fit rods 294 that are inserted into holes in element 272. Element 270 can be made with a transparent material to enhance visibility at the site.

Both components have raised holder elements 284, 286. Element 284 has a pair of slots 288, 289 that each frictionally grip an end of a cord which extends through the aperture 278 to attach tissue to the retractor. The second end of each cord is gripped by corresponding slots 290, 292 in element 286.

Tabs or cord retainers 280, 282 are integrally formed with component 274 and function as described previously. In the detailed partial view of FIG. 12B, the front inclined surface can be formed at a shallower angle such that the top ridge 279 is narrower. This embodiment of cord retainer 281 affords easier insertion of cords into the aperture.

This embodiment can also be formed with integral suction channels or openings in the top surface of the element 270. A suction tube can be attached through or with the arm 262 or attached to a suction port on element 270.

FIG. 13 illustrates an enlarged detailed top view of a preferred embodiment of the surgical retractor. A retractor 300 includes a retaining element or base 312 having an aperture 316 that is positioned to expose tissue at a surgical site. The base 312 can be made with metal or a molded plastic material. The retractor can be used on multiple vessels for the same patient, can be sterilized and reused on additional patients as desired, or can be disposed of after each use.

The size of the aperture 316 can be in the range of 1-3 cm in length and 5-15 mm in width. The aperture 316 can be narrower in the center and wider at the opposite ends to accommodate the opening required for the surgical site. The aperture 316 can have a first pair of lateral sections 320 a and 320 b which are aligned to accommodate the positioning of a first connector such as tape or thread and the aperture can also have a second pair of lateral sections 320 c and 320 d to accommodate the positioning of a second connector such as tape or thread. A connector such as a pair of cords or silastic tapes are threaded through myocardium surface under an artery at two locations on opposite sides of the grafting site.

Between each pair of sections 320 a-320 b and 320 c and 320 d, a sidewall section of the aperture, namely tabs 322, 324 extend on opposite ends of aperture 316. The aperture can also have longitudinally extending angled sidewalls 325 a, 325 b, that descend at an oblique angle into the aperture. The angled sidewalls 325 a, 325 b, as well as the angled upper surfaces of tabs 322, 324 aid in providing better access to the surgical site. The oblique angle extends from the plane of the upper surface containing surface regions 327 a, 327 b to the surfaces of sidewalls 325 a, 325 b. The tapes extend through the heart tissue adjacent to the artery and compress respective portions of an artery on opposite sides of site 60 against tabs 322, 324 as the tapes are tightened by the surgeon.

The surgical retractor has raised holder or sidewall elements 326, 328. Element 326 has a pair of slots 330, 332 that each frictionally grip an end of a cord which extends through the aperture 316 to attach tissue to the retractor. The second end of each cord is gripped by corresponding slots 334, 336 in element 328.

There are run off areas 338 a-338 d on the corners of the retractor that have a downward slope. These run off areas allow for fluid drainage during the surgical procedure to assist in maintaining the surgical field adjacent to the aperture 316 clear of blood during the anastomosis. The four corners of the base 312 have a gradually thinner cross-section to provide the downward slope. The top surface of the base 312 can have two substantially planar areas 327 a, 327 b which extend between the angled sidewalls 325 a, 325 b and the corresponding holder elements 326, 328 which extend in a direction orthogonal to the plane of the upper surface of base 312. Additionally the upper surface of base 312 has endwalls 329 a, 329 b, 329 c, 329 d at both ends of the aperture. The endwalls 329 a-d combined with raised sidewall elements 326, 328 define the openings 338 a-d.

A post 340 is used with the frame 240 shown in FIG. 11 to allow the user to orient the retractor 300 at the site for fine positioning. The post 340 is mounted on the plastic retaining element 342 in this embodiment. Element 342 can be made with a transparent material to enhance visibility of the underlying adjacent tissue at the desired surgical site or can be an opaque molded device. The element 342 can be separated into two components 344, 346. The two components 344, 346 can be attached by fit rods 348, or similar retaining mechanisms, that are inserted into holes in element 346. In a preferred embodiment of this invention, a pair of plastic tabs 347 or bridge-type members extend between the two components, 344 and 346. The plastic tabs 347 can be welded or snapped into place to securely retain the components together during the procedure and to allow the surgeon to release the components following the procedure by cutting the tabs 347 with a knife.

FIG. 14 illustrates an enlarged detailed top view of the surgical retractor 300 showing the combined two-component 344, 346 configuration. The two-component 344, 346 configuration of the preferred embodiment of the surgical retractor allows the retractor to be separated after the surgical procedure is completed to permit removal of the retractor 300 from under the grafted artery.

FIG. 15 illustrates an enlarged detailed view of the bottom surface 360 of the preferred embodiment of the surgical retractor 300. The portions 362, 364 of the bottom surface 360 are in contact with an artery and form a slightly curved surface which extends a slight distance downwardly parallel to the lengthwise dimension of the aperture 316. The addition of the curved bottom surface 360 in combination with the elevated regions 366, described below, further assist in retaining the retractor in the desired position on the heart wall of the patient as it continues beating. The bottom surface 360 that surrounds the artery and is in contact with the pericardium can be roughened or abraded to frictionally engage the pericardium around the artery and thereby locally restrict heart motion around the surgical site. There are elevated regions 366 or protrusions such as ridges or nubs for example, disposed on the bottom surface 360 of the retractor to frictionally engage the pericardium.

A preferred embodiment may have slots or grooves 368 a- 368 d as shown in FIG. 15 on the bottom surface 360 of the retractor to allow the user to place the tapes either under or over the retractor for subsequent securement. When these slots are used, the tapes are threaded through the tissue of the heart wall of the patient and then aligned to be positioned in the desired underlying slots. The tapes are then grasped and lifted around the outer surface of the holder elements 326 and 328 and then positioned in the desired slots 330, 332, 334, 336. This feature allows the surgeon to include additional tissue around the blood vessel as the tapes are tightened so that the blood vessel is compressed by the adjacent tissue rather than being constricted by the tapes. Additionally, this feature allows the surgeon to position the tapes at a relatively sharp angle of approach. The tapes are then threaded through the aperture and into the desired slots. Alternately, a wider angle of approach may be used wherein the tapes are threaded around the outer surface of the retractor so that more tissue may be positioned between the tapes and the blood vessel. The route used by the surgeon will vary depending on the depth of the desired blood vessel and the surgeon's preferred approach to performing the anastomosis.

FIG. 16 illustrates a transparent surgical retractor positioned in the surgical site 380. The retractor 300 has been inserted and positioned during a procedure for a coronary graft without a cardiopulmonary bypass, a section of the 4^(th) costal cartilage or rib 382 is removed to expose a section of the LAD artery 384. The retractor 300 serves to immobilize the grafting site 386 and is preferably used in combination with the connecting tapes 388, 390 which are stretched and attached to a holder mechanism including slots 330, 332, 334, 336 in the peripheral edge of base 312.

The aperture 316 extends longitudinally along the axis of the artery 384. The site 380 is preferably located in the plane of the upper surface of base 312. The tapes 388, 390 exert a compressive force on the artery 384 which is pressed against the bottom surface 360 as seen in FIG. 15. More particularly, the tapes 388, 390 extend in a direction that is substantially perpendicular to the artery 384 exposed in the aperture 316.

While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. 

1. A method of positioning an artery during surgery comprising the steps of: positioning a retaining element at a surgical site with a stabilizer having a frame that is attached to the retaining element with a support arm, the retaining element extending over a first artery and having an aperture that exposes a portion of the first artery at the surgical site; positioning a connector under a portion of the first artery; connecting the connector to the retaining element, the connector being frictionally attached to a slot in a holder extending above an upper surface of the retaining element, to occlude the first artery at a first arterial position at a first side of the surgical site and occluding the first artery at a second arterial position at a second side of the surgical site; and attaching a second artery to the first artery at the surgical site.
 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising sizing the aperture to have a length that ranges from 1 to 3 cm and a width that ranges from 5 to 15 mm.
 3. The method of claim 1 further comprising providing the retaining element having a longitudinal dimension comprising raised sidewall elements disposed along the longitudinal dimension.
 4. The method of claim 3 further comprising providing the raised sidewall elements having a plurality of slots to frictionally grip an end of the connector.
 5. The method of claim 1 further comprising providing the retaining element having a first, a second, a third and a fourth corner, at least one corner having a gradually thinner cross-section to provide a downward slope for fluid drainage during a procedure.
 6. The method of claim 1 further comprising providing the retaining element having a bottom surface comprising a plurality of slots to allow for the placement of the connector under or over the retractor to position tissue at the surgical site within the retractor aperture.
 7. The method of claim 1 providing the retaining element having a bottom surface having portions that are curved and extend a distance downwardly parallel to a lengthwise dimensions of the aperture to retain the retractor in a desired position.
 8. The method of claim 1 further comprising providing the retaining element having a plurality of separable sections.
 9. The method of claim 8 further comprising providing the separable sections having a plurality of tabs which extend between said sections.
 10. The method of claim 1 further comprising providing a retaining element that is optically transmissive.
 11. A method of positioning a coronary artery during bypass surgery comprising the steps of: positioning a retaining base at a surgical site with a stabilizer having a frame and a support arm, the retaining base being connected to the frame with the support arm and having a first element and a second element which surround an aperture that exposes the coronary artery at the surgical site; connecting the coronary artery at the surgical site to the retaining base with a cord, the cord being frictionally engaged with a first slot and a second slot on the retaining base; grafting a second artery onto the exposed coronary artery positioned in the aperture; and separating the first element and the second element to remove the base from the site.
 12. The method of claim 11 further comprising sizing the aperture to have a length that ranges from 1 to 3 cm and a width that ranges from 5 to 15 mm.
 13. The method of claim 11 further comprising providing the retaining base having a longitudinal dimension comprising raised sidewall elements disposed along the longitudinal dimension.
 14. The method of claim 13 further comprising providing the raised sidewall elements having a plurality of slots to frictionally grip an end of the cord.
 15. The method of claim 11 further comprising providing the retaining base having a first, a second, a third and a fourth corner, at least one corner having a gradually thinner cross-section to provide a downward slope for fluid drainage during a procedure.
 16. The method of claim 11 further comprising providing the retaining base having a bottom surface comprising a plurality of slots to allow for the placement of the cord under or over the retractor to position tissue at the surgical site within the retractor aperture.
 17. The method of claim 11 providing the retaining base having a bottom surface having portions that are curved and extend a distance downwardly parallel to a lengthwise dimension of the aperture to retain the retractor in a desired position.
 18. The method of claim 11 further comprising providing the retaining base having a plurality of separable sections.
 19. The method of claim 18 further comprising providing the separable sections having a plurality of tabs which extend between said sections.
 20. The method of claim 11 further comprising providing a retaining base that is optically transmissive.
 21. A method of positioning an artery during surgery comprising the steps of: positioning a retaining element at a surgical site with a stabilizer having a frame that is attached to the retaining element with a support arm, the retaining element extending over a first artery and having an aperture that exposes a portion of the first artery at the surgical site; positioning a cord under a portion of the first artery; occluding fluid flow in the first artery with the cord by compressing the first artery between the cord and a surface; and attaching a second artery to the first artery at the surgical site.
 22. The method of claim 21 further comprising providing the retaining element having a longitudinal dimension comprising raised sidewall elements disposed along the longitudinal dimension.
 23. The method of claim 21 further comprising providing the raised sidewall elements having a plurality of slots to frictionally grip an end of the connector.
 24. The method of claim 21 further comprising providing the retaining element having a first, a second, a third and a fourth corner, at least one corner having a gradually thinner cross-section to provide a downward slope for fluid drainage during a procedure.
 25. The method of claim 21 further comprising providing the retaining element having a plurality of separable sections.
 26. The method of claim 21 further comprising providing a retaining element that is optically transmissive. 